Iteration
Lecture 12
Dr. Benjamin Soltoff
Cornell University
INFO 5001 - Fall 2025
October 2, 2025
Announcements
Announcements
- Homework 04
- Project proposals due next week
Learning objectives
- Explain how R utilizes iteration naturally with vectorized operations
- Iterate across columns in a data frame using
across() - Write anonymous functions for one-time tasks
- Define list objects
- Iterate across vector elements using
map()functions
Iteration
What is iteration?
- Iteration means repeating steps multiple times until a condition is met
- In other languages, iteration is performed with loops:
for,while
- Iteration is different in R
- You can use loops……. but you often don’t need to
Iteration in R
Iteration is an inherent part of the language. For example,
is
[1] 6 2 12 8and not
[1] 3 1 6 4 3 1 6 4Iteration in R
We have:
group_by()withsummarize()facet_wrap()across()purrr::map()
In other languages, a for loop would be right after “Hello world”
Iterating across() columns
penguins
Rows: 344
Columns: 8
$ species <fct> Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie…
$ island <fct> Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, T…
$ bill_len <dbl> 39.1, 39.5, 40.3, NA, 36.7, 39.3, 38.9, 39.2, 34.1, 42.0, 37.8, 37.8, 41.1, 38…
$ bill_dep <dbl> 18.7, 17.4, 18.0, NA, 19.3, 20.6, 17.8, 19.6, 18.1, 20.2, 17.1, 17.3, 17.6, 21…
$ flipper_len <int> 181, 186, 195, NA, 193, 190, 181, 195, 193, 190, 186, 180, 182, 191, 198, 185,…
$ body_mass <int> 3750, 3800, 3250, NA, 3450, 3650, 3625, 4675, 3475, 4250, 3300, 3700, 3200, 38…
$ sex <fct> male, female, female, NA, female, male, female, male, NA, NA, NA, NA, female, …
$ year <int> 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, …Scenario
Recall our standard error function from last class:
Summarizing columns individually
Image credit: @allison_horst
Summarizing columns iteratively
Side note on functional programming
A programming paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions
- We can pass a function,
sd_errortoacross()since R is a functional programming language - We are not calling
sd_error() - Instead we pass
sd_errorsoacross()can call it - Thus function name is not followed by
()
across() + selector helpers
bill_len bill_dep
1 0.2952205 0.1067846Selection helpers
starts_with(): Starts with a prefixends_with(): Ends with a suffixcontains(): Contains a literal stringnum_range(): Matches a numerical range like x01, x02, x03one_of(): Matches variable names in a character vectoreverything(): Matches all variableslast_col(): Select last variable, possibly with an offsetmatches(): Matches a regular expression (a sequence of symbols/characters expressing a string/pattern to be searched for within text)c_across(): Use a tidy selector within a non-selecting function (e.g.sum())
Implementing anonymous functions
- In-line functions
- Lambda functions
Multiple summarize operations
mean_bill_len sd_bill_len mean_bill_dep sd_bill_dep mean_flipper_len sd_flipper_len
1 43.99279 5.468668 17.16486 1.969235 200.967 14.01577
mean_body_mass sd_body_mass mean_year sd_year
1 4207.057 805.2158 2008.042 0.8129439Bring back anonymous functions
mean_bill_len sd_bill_len mean_bill_dep sd_bill_dep mean_flipper_len sd_flipper_len
1 43.92193 5.459584 17.15117 1.974793 200.9152 14.06171
mean_body_mass sd_body_mass mean_year sd_year
1 4201.754 801.9545 2008.029 0.8183559Do it within groups
# A tibble: 3 × 11
species mean_bill_len sd_bill_len mean_bill_dep sd_bill_dep mean_flipper_len sd_flipper_len
<fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
1 Adelie 38.8 2.66 18.3 1.22 190. 6.54
2 Chinstrap 48.8 3.34 18.4 1.14 196. 7.13
3 Gentoo 47.5 3.08 15.0 0.981 217. 6.48
# ℹ 4 more variables: mean_body_mass <dbl>, sd_body_mass <dbl>, mean_year <dbl>, sd_year <dbl>Modify columns
species island bill_len bill_dep flipper_len body_mass sex year
1 Adelie Torgersen -0.88320467 0.78430007 -1.416271525 -0.563316704 male 2007
2 Adelie Torgersen -0.80993901 0.12600328 -1.060696087 -0.500969030 female 2007
3 Adelie Torgersen -0.66340769 0.42983257 -0.420660299 -1.186793445 female 2007
4 Adelie Torgersen NA NA NA NA <NA> 2007
5 Adelie Torgersen -1.32279862 1.08812936 -0.562890474 -0.937402749 female 2007
6 Adelie Torgersen -0.84657184 1.74642615 -0.776235737 -0.688012052 male 2007
7 Adelie Torgersen -0.91983750 0.32855614 -1.416271525 -0.719185889 female 2007
8 Adelie Torgersen -0.86488825 1.24004400 -0.420660299 0.590115266 male 2007
9 Adelie Torgersen -1.79902541 0.48047078 -0.562890474 -0.906228912 <NA> 2007
10 Adelie Torgersen -0.35202864 1.54387329 -0.776235737 0.060160036 <NA> 2007
11 Adelie Torgersen -1.12131806 -0.02591137 -1.060696087 -1.124445771 <NA> 2007
12 Adelie Torgersen -1.12131806 0.07536506 -1.487386613 -0.625664378 <NA> 2007
13 Adelie Torgersen -0.51687637 0.22727971 -1.345156438 -1.249141119 female 2007
14 Adelie Torgersen -0.97478674 2.05025544 -0.705120649 -0.500969030 male 2007
15 Adelie Torgersen -1.70744334 1.99961722 -0.207315036 0.247203059 male 2007
16 Adelie Torgersen -1.34111504 0.32855614 -1.131811175 -0.625664378 female 2007
17 Adelie Torgersen -0.95647033 0.93621471 -0.420660299 -0.937402749 female 2007
18 Adelie Torgersen -0.26044656 1.79706436 -0.278430124 0.371898407 male 2007
19 Adelie Torgersen -1.74407616 0.63238542 -1.202926262 -1.093271934 female 2007
20 Adelie Torgersen 0.38062795 2.20217008 -0.491775386 -0.002187638 male 2007
21 Adelie Biscoe -1.12131806 0.58174721 -1.914077138 -0.999750423 female 2007
22 Adelie Biscoe -1.13963448 0.78430007 -1.487386613 -0.750359726 male 2007
23 Adelie Biscoe -1.46932994 1.03749114 -0.847350824 -0.500969030 female 2007
24 Adelie Biscoe -1.04805240 0.48047078 -1.131811175 -0.313926008 male 2007
25 Adelie Biscoe -0.93815391 0.02472685 -1.487386613 -0.500969030 male 2007
26 Adelie Biscoe -1.57922843 0.88557650 -0.989581000 -0.500969030 female 2007
27 Adelie Biscoe -0.60845845 0.73366185 -1.274041350 -0.812707400 male 2007
28 Adelie Biscoe -0.62677486 0.37919435 -0.989581000 -1.249141119 female 2007
29 Adelie Biscoe -1.10300165 0.73366185 -2.056307313 -1.311488793 female 2007
30 Adelie Biscoe -0.62677486 0.88557650 -1.487386613 -0.313926008 male 2007
31 Adelie Dream -0.80993901 -0.22846423 -1.629616788 -1.186793445 female 2007
32 Adelie Dream -1.23121655 0.48047078 -1.629616788 -0.376273682 male 2007
33 Adelie Dream -0.80993901 0.32855614 -0.918465912 -1.124445771 female 2007
34 Adelie Dream -0.55350920 0.88557650 -1.202926262 -0.376273682 male 2007
35 Adelie Dream -1.37774787 -0.07654958 -0.420660299 -1.093271934 female 2007
36 Adelie Dream -0.86488825 1.99961722 -0.349545211 -0.064535312 male 2007
37 Adelie Dream -0.93815391 1.44259686 -0.776235737 -0.313926008 male 2007
38 Adelie Dream -0.31539581 0.68302364 -1.487386613 -0.812707400 female 2007
39 Adelie Dream -1.15795089 1.08812936 -1.416271525 -1.124445771 female 2007
40 Adelie Dream -0.75498976 0.98685293 -1.202926262 0.558941429 male 2007
41 Adelie Dream -1.35943145 0.42983257 -1.345156438 -1.311488793 female 2007
42 Adelie Dream -0.57182562 0.63238542 -0.420660299 -0.376273682 male 2007
43 Adelie Dream -1.45101353 0.68302364 -1.060696087 -1.373836467 female 2007
44 Adelie Dream 0.03261607 1.29068222 -0.349545211 0.247203059 male 2007
45 Adelie Dream -1.26784938 -0.12718780 -1.131811175 -1.498531815 female 2007
46 Adelie Dream -0.79162259 0.83493828 -0.776235737 0.496593755 male 2007
47 Adelie Dream -0.51687637 0.93621471 -1.345156438 -0.968576586 male 2007
48 Adelie Dream -1.17626731 0.88557650 -1.558501700 -1.529705652 <NA> 2007
49 Adelie Dream -1.45101353 0.37919435 -0.776235737 -0.937402749 female 2007
50 Adelie Dream -0.29707939 2.05025544 -0.705120649 -0.064535312 male 2007
51 Adelie Biscoe -0.79162259 0.27791792 -1.060696087 -0.875055074 female 2008
52 Adelie Biscoe -0.70004052 0.88557650 -0.918465912 0.122507710 male 2008
53 Adelie Biscoe -1.63417768 0.37919435 -0.776235737 -0.937402749 female 2008
54 Adelie Biscoe -0.35202864 1.18940579 -0.065084861 -0.189230660 male 2008
55 Adelie Biscoe -1.72575975 0.48047078 -0.989581000 -1.623227163 female 2008
56 Adelie Biscoe -0.46192713 0.73366185 -0.705120649 -0.625664378 male 2008
57 Adelie Biscoe -0.90152108 0.17664149 -1.060696087 -0.812707400 female 2008
58 Adelie Biscoe -0.60845845 0.83493828 -0.562890474 -0.500969030 male 2008
59 Adelie Biscoe -1.35943145 -0.27910244 -1.416271525 -1.685574837 female 2008
60 Adelie Biscoe -1.15795089 0.98685293 -0.491775386 -0.563316704 male 2008
61 Adelie Biscoe -1.50596277 -0.12718780 -1.131811175 -1.311488793 female 2008
62 Adelie Biscoe -0.48024354 1.99961722 -0.420660299 0.247203059 male 2008
63 Adelie Biscoe -1.15795089 -0.07654958 -1.131811175 -0.750359726 female 2008
64 Adelie Biscoe -0.51687637 0.53110900 -0.634005562 -0.189230660 male 2008
65 Adelie Biscoe -1.37774787 -0.02591137 -1.202926262 -1.685574837 female 2008
66 Adelie Biscoe -0.42529430 0.42983257 -0.634005562 -0.313926008 male 2008
67 Adelie Biscoe -1.54259560 -0.48165530 -0.420660299 -1.062098097 female 2008
68 Adelie Biscoe -0.51687637 0.98685293 -0.918465912 -0.126882986 male 2008
69 Adelie Torgersen -1.46932994 -0.27910244 -0.776235737 -1.436184141 female 2008
70 Adelie Torgersen -0.38866147 1.13876757 -0.207315036 0.309550733 male 2008
71 Adelie Torgersen -1.90892390 0.93621471 -0.776235737 -0.750359726 female 2008
72 Adelie Torgersen -0.77330618 0.63238542 -0.776235737 -0.376273682 male 2008
73 Adelie Torgersen -0.79162259 0.02472685 -0.349545211 -0.812707400 female 2008
74 Adelie Torgersen 0.34399512 0.88557650 -0.278430124 -0.064535312 male 2008
75 Adelie Torgersen -1.54259560 0.17664149 -0.776235737 -0.625664378 female 2008
76 Adelie Torgersen -0.20549732 0.68302364 -0.420660299 0.060160036 male 2008
77 Adelie Torgersen -0.55350920 -0.17782601 -0.705120649 -0.625664378 female 2008
78 Adelie Torgersen -1.23121655 1.13876757 -1.202926262 -0.376273682 male 2008
79 Adelie Torgersen -1.41438070 -0.53229351 -0.989581000 -0.812707400 female 2008
80 Adelie Torgersen -0.33371222 0.98685293 -0.420660299 -0.251578334 male 2008
81 Adelie Torgersen -1.70744334 0.02472685 -0.847350824 -1.249141119 female 2008
82 Adelie Torgersen -0.18718091 0.22727971 -0.349545211 0.621289103 male 2008
83 Adelie Torgersen -1.32279862 0.83493828 -0.989581000 -0.500969030 female 2008
84 Adelie Torgersen -1.61586126 1.13876757 -0.562890474 -0.002187638 male 2008
85 Adelie Dream -1.21290014 0.32855614 -0.705120649 -1.062098097 female 2008
86 Adelie Dream -0.48024354 1.59451151 -0.491775386 -0.812707400 male 2008
87 Adelie Dream -1.39606428 1.18940579 -0.776235737 -0.500969030 male 2008
88 Adelie Dream -1.28616579 0.73366185 -0.847350824 -0.875055074 female 2008
89 Adelie Dream -1.02973599 1.03749114 -0.847350824 -0.313926008 male 2008
90 Adelie Dream -0.91983750 0.83493828 -0.776235737 -0.750359726 female 2008
91 Adelie Dream -1.50596277 0.42983257 0.077145314 -0.812707400 female 2008
92 Adelie Dream -0.51687637 0.48047078 0.290490577 0.122507710 male 2008
93 Adelie Dream -1.81734182 -0.02591137 -1.131811175 -0.999750423 female 2008
94 Adelie Dream -0.79162259 0.48047078 -1.060696087 0.309550733 male 2008
95 Adelie Dream -1.41438070 0.07536506 -0.989581000 -1.124445771 female 2008
96 Adelie Dream -0.57182562 0.88557650 0.503835840 0.122507710 male 2008
97 Adelie Dream -1.06636882 0.73366185 -0.776235737 -0.625664378 female 2008
98 Adelie Dream -0.66340769 0.68302364 -0.349545211 0.184855384 male 2008
99 Adelie Dream -1.98218956 -0.53229351 -1.629616788 -1.623227163 female 2008
100 Adelie Dream -0.13223166 0.68302364 -0.634005562 -0.126882986 male 2008
101 Adelie Biscoe -1.63417768 0.37919435 -0.634005562 -0.594490541 female 2009
102 Adelie Biscoe -0.53519279 1.44259686 0.148260402 0.652462940 male 2009
103 Adelie Biscoe -1.13963448 -0.58293173 -1.274041350 -1.405010304 female 2009
104 Adelie Biscoe -1.12131806 1.44259686 -0.776235737 0.060160036 male 2009
105 Adelie Biscoe -1.10300165 0.73366185 -0.562890474 -1.592053326 female 2009
106 Adelie Biscoe -0.77330618 0.88557650 -1.202926262 -0.812707400 male 2009
107 Adelie Biscoe -0.97478674 0.02472685 -0.136199948 -0.563316704 female 2009
108 Adelie Biscoe -1.04805240 1.44259686 -0.776235737 -0.376273682 male 2009
109 Adelie Biscoe -1.06636882 -0.07654958 -1.416271525 -1.280314956 female 2009
110 Adelie Biscoe -0.13223166 0.93621471 -0.278430124 0.714810614 male 2009
111 Adelie Biscoe -1.06636882 -0.32974066 -0.207315036 -0.469795193 female 2009
112 Adelie Biscoe 0.30736229 1.59451151 -0.705120649 0.496593755 male 2009
113 Adelie Biscoe -0.77330618 0.27791792 -0.562890474 -1.249141119 female 2009
114 Adelie Biscoe -0.31539581 1.18940579 -0.278430124 0.091333873 male 2009
115 Adelie Biscoe -0.79162259 1.79706436 -0.705120649 -0.376273682 female 2009
116 Adelie Biscoe -0.22381374 0.58174721 -0.349545211 -0.158056823 male 2009
117 Adelie Torgersen -0.97478674 -0.07654958 -0.918465912 -1.623227163 female 2009
118 Adelie Torgersen -1.21290014 1.69578793 -0.136199948 -0.532142867 male 2009
119 Adelie Torgersen -1.50596277 -0.07654958 -0.847350824 -1.062098097 female 2009
120 Adelie Torgersen -0.51687637 0.73366185 -0.847350824 -1.093271934 male 2009
121 Adelie Torgersen -1.41438070 0.02472685 -0.989581000 -1.311488793 female 2009
122 Adelie Torgersen -1.13963448 1.34132043 -0.207315036 -0.875055074 male 2009
123 Adelie Torgersen -0.68172411 -0.07654958 -1.771846963 -0.937402749 female 2009
124 Adelie Torgersen -0.46192713 0.68302364 0.077145314 -0.407447519 male 2009
125 Adelie Torgersen -1.59754485 -0.63356994 -1.060696087 -1.436184141 female 2009
126 Adelie Torgersen -0.60845845 0.93621471 -0.136199948 -0.251578334 male 2009
127 Adelie Torgersen -0.93815391 0.22727971 -0.705120649 -1.155619608 female 2009
128 Adelie Torgersen -0.44361071 0.58174721 -0.420660299 0.122507710 male 2009
129 Adelie Torgersen -0.90152108 -0.02591137 -0.705120649 -1.436184141 female 2009
130 Adelie Torgersen 0.03261607 0.42983257 0.646066015 -0.251578334 male 2009
131 Adelie Torgersen -0.99310316 0.37919435 -0.776235737 -1.093271934 female 2009
132 Adelie Torgersen -0.15054808 1.03749114 -0.278430124 -0.875055074 male 2009
133 Adelie Dream -1.30448221 0.68302364 -0.562890474 -0.875055074 female 2009
134 Adelie Dream -1.17626731 0.68302364 -0.136199948 0.340724570 male 2009
135 Adelie Dream -1.06636882 0.22727971 -0.989581000 -0.968576586 female 2009
136 Adelie Dream -0.51687637 0.17664149 -0.776235737 -0.376273682 male 2009
137 Adelie Dream -1.52427919 0.17664149 -0.705120649 -1.280314956 female 2009
138 Adelie Dream -0.68172411 1.49323508 -0.065084861 -0.282752171 male 2009
139 Adelie Dream -1.26784938 -0.32974066 -1.131811175 -0.999750423 female 2009
140 Adelie Dream -0.77330618 0.37919435 -0.562890474 0.060160036 male 2009
141 Adelie Dream -0.68172411 -0.02591137 -0.562890474 -0.999750423 female 2009
142 Adelie Dream -0.60845845 0.02472685 -0.989581000 -0.906228912 male 2009
143 Adelie Dream -2.16535371 -0.83612280 -0.918465912 -1.436184141 female 2009
144 Adelie Dream -0.59014203 -0.07654958 -0.776235737 -0.594490541 male 2009
145 Adelie Dream -1.21290014 -0.17782601 -0.634005562 -1.498531815 female 2009
146 Adelie Dream -0.90152108 0.78430007 -1.131811175 -0.688012052 male 2009
147 Adelie Dream -0.86488825 0.73366185 -0.776235737 0.060160036 male 2009
148 Adelie Dream -1.34111504 0.63238542 -1.202926262 -0.906228912 female 2009
149 Adelie Dream -1.45101353 0.32855614 -0.420660299 -0.937402749 female 2009
150 Adelie Dream -1.12131806 0.48047078 -0.562890474 -0.563316704 male 2009
151 Adelie Dream -1.45101353 -0.02591137 -0.989581000 -0.625664378 female 2009
152 Adelie Dream -0.44361071 0.68302364 0.006030227 -0.251578334 male 2009
153 Gentoo Biscoe 0.39894437 -2.00080174 0.717181103 0.371898407 female 2007
154 Gentoo Biscoe 1.11328455 -0.43101709 2.068367767 1.868242584 male 2007
155 Gentoo Biscoe 0.87517115 -1.54505781 0.646066015 0.309550733 female 2007
156 Gentoo Biscoe 1.11328455 -0.98803745 1.214986716 1.868242584 male 2007
157 Gentoo Biscoe 0.67369059 -1.34250495 1.001641453 1.494156540 male 2007
158 Gentoo Biscoe 0.47221003 -1.84888710 0.646066015 0.434246081 female 2007
159 Gentoo Biscoe 0.27072946 -1.29186674 0.717181103 0.745984451 female 2007
160 Gentoo Biscoe 0.50884286 -0.93739923 1.286101803 1.244765843 male 2007
161 Gentoo Biscoe -0.11391525 -1.89952531 0.574950927 0.247203059 female 2007
162 Gentoo Biscoe 0.52715927 -0.88676102 1.001641453 1.182418169 male 2007
163 Gentoo Biscoe -0.55350920 -1.74761067 0.930526365 0.558941429 female 2007
164 Gentoo Biscoe 0.93012040 -0.53229351 1.072756541 1.681199562 male 2007
165 Gentoo Biscoe 0.28904588 -1.74761067 0.930526365 0.558941429 female 2007
166 Gentoo Biscoe 0.82022191 -1.29186674 0.859411278 2.055285606 male 2007
167 Gentoo Biscoe 0.34399512 -1.29186674 0.646066015 -0.002187638 female 2007
168 Gentoo Biscoe 0.98506964 -0.73484637 1.143871628 2.055285606 male 2007
169 Gentoo Biscoe -0.35202864 -1.84888710 0.646066015 -0.064535312 female 2007
170 Gentoo Biscoe 0.96675323 -0.98803745 1.428331979 2.616414673 male 2007
171 Gentoo Biscoe 0.41726078 -1.34250495 0.574950927 0.745984451 female 2007
172 Gentoo Biscoe 0.87517115 -1.03867566 1.499447066 1.431808866 male 2007
173 Gentoo Biscoe 1.14991738 -1.44378138 1.214986716 1.868242584 male 2007
174 Gentoo Biscoe 0.21578022 -1.34250495 1.001641453 0.995375147 female 2007
175 Gentoo Biscoe 0.47221003 -1.34250495 0.859411278 0.247203059 female 2007
176 Gentoo Biscoe 0.43557720 -0.68420816 1.001641453 1.057722821 male 2007
177 Gentoo Biscoe -0.18718091 -2.05143996 1.001641453 0.995375147 female 2007
178 Gentoo Biscoe 0.39894437 -1.03867566 1.001641453 1.120070495 male 2007
179 Gentoo Biscoe 0.10588173 -1.44378138 1.072756541 -0.126882986 <NA> 2007
180 Gentoo Biscoe 0.71032342 -1.08931388 1.001641453 1.805894910 male 2007
181 Gentoo Biscoe 0.78358908 -1.44378138 0.646066015 0.496593755 female 2007
182 Gentoo Biscoe 1.11328455 -0.93739923 1.357216891 1.681199562 male 2007
183 Gentoo Biscoe 0.61874135 -0.93739923 1.499447066 1.307113518 male 2007
184 Gentoo Biscoe -0.20549732 -1.49441960 0.574950927 0.621289103 female 2007
185 Gentoo Biscoe 0.21578022 -1.34250495 0.432720752 1.057722821 female 2007
186 Gentoo Biscoe 2.87166037 -0.07654958 2.068367767 2.304676302 male 2007
187 Gentoo Biscoe 0.94843681 -1.19059031 1.357216891 1.182418169 female 2008
188 Gentoo Biscoe 0.82022191 -0.43101709 1.357216891 1.494156540 male 2008
189 Gentoo Biscoe -0.24213015 -1.74761067 0.859411278 0.933027473 female 2008
190 Gentoo Biscoe 0.08756532 0.07536506 1.286101803 1.307113518 male 2008
191 Gentoo Biscoe 0.01429966 -1.79824888 0.503835840 0.184855384 female 2008
192 Gentoo Biscoe 0.87517115 -0.73484637 0.503835840 1.431808866 male 2008
193 Gentoo Biscoe -0.22381374 -1.74761067 0.503835840 -0.313926008 female 2008
194 Gentoo Biscoe 1.04001889 -0.58293173 1.712792329 1.868242584 male 2008
195 Gentoo Biscoe 0.25241305 -1.74761067 0.646066015 0.122507710 female 2008
196 Gentoo Biscoe 1.04001889 -1.08931388 1.072756541 0.683636777 male 2008
197 Gentoo Biscoe 1.20486662 -0.63356994 1.499447066 1.681199562 male 2008
198 Gentoo Biscoe -0.05896600 -1.64633424 1.143871628 0.870679799 female 2008
199 Gentoo Biscoe 0.28904588 -1.64633424 0.646066015 -0.002187638 female 2008
200 Gentoo Biscoe 1.20486662 -0.63356994 1.712792329 1.494156540 male 2008
201 Gentoo Biscoe 0.17914739 -1.95016353 0.859411278 1.120070495 female 2008
202 Gentoo Biscoe 0.23409663 -0.68420816 1.001641453 1.369461192 male 2008
203 Gentoo Biscoe 0.49052644 -1.49441960 0.646066015 0.808332125 female 2008
204 Gentoo Biscoe 0.83853832 -1.54505781 1.357216891 1.369461192 male 2008
205 Gentoo Biscoe 0.21578022 -1.39314317 0.646066015 0.247203059 female 2008
206 Gentoo Biscoe 1.13160096 -1.08931388 1.712792329 0.995375147 male 2008
207 Gentoo Biscoe 0.47221003 -1.39314317 1.143871628 0.870679799 female 2008
208 Gentoo Biscoe 0.19746381 -0.88676102 1.357216891 1.057722821 male 2008
209 Gentoo Biscoe -0.02233317 -1.64633424 0.503835840 0.122507710 female 2008
210 Gentoo Biscoe 0.28904588 -1.08931388 1.357216891 0.995375147 male 2008
211 Gentoo Biscoe -0.13223166 -1.34250495 0.503835840 0.309550733 female 2008
212 Gentoo Biscoe 1.18655021 -0.93739923 1.641677241 1.681199562 male 2008
213 Gentoo Biscoe 0.25241305 -1.69697245 0.503835840 -0.002187638 female 2008
214 Gentoo Biscoe 0.41726078 -1.13995209 1.428331979 1.369461192 male 2008
215 Gentoo Biscoe 0.32567871 -1.64633424 0.930526365 0.247203059 female 2008
216 Gentoo Biscoe 1.90089038 -0.73484637 2.139482854 1.805894910 male 2008
217 Gentoo Biscoe 0.34399512 -1.49441960 1.286101803 0.621289103 female 2008
218 Gentoo Biscoe 1.07665172 -0.17782601 2.068367767 1.868242584 male 2008
219 Gentoo Biscoe 0.41726078 -1.39314317 0.930526365 0.558941429 <NA> 2008
220 Gentoo Biscoe 1.02170247 -0.48165530 1.997252679 1.992937932 male 2008
221 Gentoo Biscoe -0.07728242 -1.49441960 1.357216891 0.621289103 female 2008
222 Gentoo Biscoe 1.24149945 -1.08931388 1.570562154 1.681199562 male 2008
223 Gentoo Biscoe 0.69200701 -1.08931388 1.072756541 0.683636777 female 2008
224 Gentoo Biscoe 0.45389361 -0.78548459 1.428331979 0.995375147 male 2008
225 Gentoo Biscoe 0.78358908 -0.78548459 1.428331979 1.120070495 male 2008
226 Gentoo Biscoe 0.47221003 -1.19059031 1.143871628 1.244765843 female 2008
227 Gentoo Biscoe 0.45389361 -1.08931388 1.072756541 0.621289103 female 2008
228 Gentoo Biscoe 0.85685474 -0.58293173 2.068367767 1.992937932 male 2008
229 Gentoo Biscoe 0.65537418 -1.49441960 0.574950927 0.496593755 female 2008
230 Gentoo Biscoe 1.31476511 -0.43101709 1.357216891 2.242328628 male 2008
231 Gentoo Biscoe 0.23409663 -1.69697245 1.001641453 0.683636777 female 2008
232 Gentoo Biscoe 0.23409663 -0.38037887 1.570562154 2.179980954 male 2008
233 Gentoo Biscoe 0.94843681 -1.34250495 0.788296190 0.527767592 female 2009
234 Gentoo Biscoe 1.57119492 -0.78548459 1.428331979 1.556504214 male 2009
235 Gentoo Biscoe 0.63705776 -1.29186674 0.788296190 0.652462940 female 2009
236 Gentoo Biscoe 1.11328455 -0.63356994 1.641677241 1.431808866 male 2009
237 Gentoo Biscoe 0.17914739 -1.69697245 0.788296190 0.683636777 female 2009
238 Gentoo Biscoe 1.25981586 0.07536506 1.926137592 1.743547236 male 2009
239 Gentoo Biscoe -0.09559883 -1.39314317 1.214986716 0.496593755 female 2009
240 Gentoo Biscoe 1.35139794 -1.49441960 1.214986716 1.369461192 male 2009
241 Gentoo Biscoe 0.65537418 -1.59569603 0.788296190 0.839505962 female 2009
242 Gentoo Biscoe 1.49792926 -0.07654958 2.068367767 1.681199562 male 2009
243 Gentoo Biscoe 0.65537418 -1.08931388 1.214986716 0.933027473 female 2009
244 Gentoo Biscoe 1.51624567 -0.02591137 1.926137592 1.494156540 male 2009
245 Gentoo Biscoe 0.28904588 -1.34250495 0.788296190 0.683636777 female 2009
246 Gentoo Biscoe 1.02170247 -0.53229351 1.641677241 1.805894910 male 2009
247 Gentoo Biscoe 0.10588173 -1.24122852 0.930526365 0.808332125 female 2009
248 Gentoo Biscoe 1.25981586 -0.73484637 1.783907417 1.244765843 male 2009
249 Gentoo Biscoe 1.00338606 -0.68420816 1.072756541 0.901853636 male 2009
250 Gentoo Biscoe 0.54547569 -1.29186674 1.499447066 0.839505962 female 2009
251 Gentoo Biscoe 0.82022191 -1.39314317 0.148260402 0.527767592 female 2009
252 Gentoo Biscoe 1.31476511 -0.32974066 1.712792329 1.307113518 male 2009
253 Gentoo Biscoe 0.83853832 -1.08931388 1.286101803 0.808332125 female 2009
254 Gentoo Biscoe 2.19395302 -0.07654958 1.926137592 1.743547236 male 2009
255 Gentoo Biscoe 0.60042493 -0.83612280 1.001641453 0.964201310 female 2009
256 Gentoo Biscoe 0.94843681 -1.08931388 1.926137592 1.618851888 male 2009
257 Gentoo Biscoe 0.61874135 -1.69697245 1.072756541 0.652462940 <NA> 2009
258 Gentoo Biscoe 0.52715927 -0.53229351 1.001641453 1.618851888 male 2009
259 Gentoo Biscoe -0.40697788 -1.24122852 0.646066015 0.621289103 female 2009
260 Gentoo Biscoe 1.73604265 -0.68420816 1.286101803 1.618851888 male 2009
261 Gentoo Biscoe -0.11391525 -1.59569603 0.503835840 0.465419918 female 2009
262 Gentoo Biscoe 0.76527266 -1.03867566 0.574950927 1.618851888 male 2009
263 Gentoo Biscoe 1.20486662 -0.98803745 1.072756541 0.995375147 female 2009
264 Gentoo Biscoe 1.07665172 -0.63356994 1.997252679 2.179980954 male 2009
265 Gentoo Biscoe -0.07728242 -0.98803745 0.859411278 0.558941429 female 2009
266 Gentoo Biscoe 1.38803077 -0.43101709 2.068367767 1.618851888 male 2009
267 Gentoo Biscoe 0.41726078 -1.54505781 1.143871628 0.216029222 female 2009
268 Gentoo Biscoe 2.04742170 -0.58293173 2.068367767 2.055285606 male 2009
269 Gentoo Biscoe 0.10588173 -0.73484637 1.143871628 0.839505962 <NA> 2009
270 Gentoo Biscoe 0.89348757 -0.48165530 1.499447066 2.242328628 male 2009
271 Gentoo Biscoe 0.60042493 -1.74761067 0.930526365 0.901853636 female 2009
272 Gentoo Biscoe NA NA NA NA <NA> 2009
273 Gentoo Biscoe 0.52715927 -1.44378138 1.001641453 0.808332125 female 2009
274 Gentoo Biscoe 1.18655021 -0.73484637 1.499447066 1.930590258 male 2009
275 Gentoo Biscoe 0.23409663 -1.19059031 0.788296190 1.244765843 female 2009
276 Gentoo Biscoe 1.09496813 -0.53229351 0.859411278 1.494156540 male 2009
277 Chinstrap Dream 0.47221003 0.37919435 -0.634005562 -0.875055074 female 2007
278 Chinstrap Dream 1.11328455 1.18940579 -0.349545211 -0.376273682 male 2007
279 Chinstrap Dream 1.35139794 1.03749114 -0.562890474 -0.688012052 male 2007
280 Chinstrap Dream 0.27072946 0.78430007 -0.918465912 -0.843881237 female 2007
281 Chinstrap Dream 1.60782775 1.34132043 -0.278430124 -0.594490541 male 2007
282 Chinstrap Dream 0.23409663 0.32855614 -0.207315036 -0.313926008 female 2007
283 Chinstrap Dream 0.39894437 0.53110900 -1.629616788 -1.186793445 female 2007
284 Chinstrap Dream 1.35139794 0.53110900 -0.278430124 -0.563316704 male 2007
285 Chinstrap Dream 0.38062795 0.88557650 -0.420660299 -0.064535312 female 2007
286 Chinstrap Dream 1.35139794 1.39195865 -0.207315036 -0.625664378 male 2007
287 Chinstrap Dream 0.49052644 0.32855614 -0.562890474 -0.500969030 female 2007
288 Chinstrap Dream 1.42466360 1.59451151 -0.491775386 -0.532142867 male 2007
289 Chinstrap Dream 0.56379210 0.07536506 -1.131811175 -0.625664378 female 2007
290 Chinstrap Dream 1.47961284 0.48047078 0.006030227 -0.189230660 male 2007
291 Chinstrap Dream 0.36231154 -0.02591137 -0.776235737 -0.781533563 female 2007
292 Chinstrap Dream 1.20486662 1.24004400 0.006030227 -0.189230660 male 2007
293 Chinstrap Dream 1.16823379 1.44259686 -0.278430124 -1.124445771 male 2007
294 Chinstrap Dream 2.57859773 0.32855614 -1.416271525 -0.625664378 female 2007
295 Chinstrap Dream 0.45389361 0.73366185 -0.776235737 -0.937402749 female 2007
296 Chinstrap Dream 0.96675323 0.53110900 -0.420660299 0.247203059 male 2007
297 Chinstrap Dream -0.27876298 0.07536506 -1.416271525 -0.750359726 female 2007
298 Chinstrap Dream 0.83853832 0.17664149 -0.705120649 -0.999750423 male 2007
299 Chinstrap Dream -0.13223166 -0.27910244 -0.989581000 -1.623227163 female 2007
300 Chinstrap Dream 1.22318303 1.13876757 -0.562890474 -0.500969030 male 2007
301 Chinstrap Dream 0.50884286 0.37919435 -0.420660299 -1.124445771 female 2007
302 Chinstrap Dream 1.47961284 0.93621471 -0.278430124 -0.064535312 male 2007
303 Chinstrap Dream 1.20486662 0.63238542 -0.065084861 -0.999750423 female 2008
304 Chinstrap Dream 1.02170247 0.93621471 -0.065084861 -0.500969030 male 2008
305 Chinstrap Dream 0.45389361 0.32855614 -0.705120649 -0.625664378 female 2008
306 Chinstrap Dream 1.62614416 1.44259686 0.290490577 0.434246081 male 2008
307 Chinstrap Dream -0.55350920 -0.27910244 -0.989581000 -1.249141119 female 2008
308 Chinstrap Dream 1.88257397 1.84770258 0.006030227 0.122507710 male 2008
309 Chinstrap Dream -0.26044656 -0.22846423 -0.989581000 -1.062098097 female 2008
310 Chinstrap Dream 1.29644869 0.83493828 0.148260402 -0.126882986 male 2008
311 Chinstrap Dream 1.05833530 0.73366185 -0.420660299 -0.750359726 male 2008
312 Chinstrap Dream 0.65537418 -0.17782601 -0.136199948 -0.376273682 female 2008
313 Chinstrap Dream 0.67369059 0.58174721 -0.420660299 -0.438621356 female 2008
314 Chinstrap Dream 1.47961284 1.79706436 0.646066015 0.745984451 male 2008
315 Chinstrap Dream 0.54547569 -0.27910244 -0.634005562 -1.872617859 female 2008
316 Chinstrap Dream 1.75435906 1.39195865 0.290490577 0.371898407 male 2008
317 Chinstrap Dream 0.93012040 1.18940579 0.646066015 -0.313926008 male 2008
318 Chinstrap Dream 0.41726078 0.17664149 -0.989581000 -0.688012052 female 2008
319 Chinstrap Dream 1.27813228 0.98685293 -0.349545211 -0.812707400 male 2008
320 Chinstrap Dream 0.28904588 -0.07654958 -0.349545211 -0.875055074 female 2008
321 Chinstrap Dream 1.27813228 0.37919435 -0.349545211 -0.656838215 female 2009
322 Chinstrap Dream 1.25981586 0.68302364 0.006030227 0.309550733 male 2009
323 Chinstrap Dream 1.13160096 0.37919435 -0.776235737 -0.999750423 female 2009
324 Chinstrap Dream 0.93012040 1.24004400 0.788296190 0.122507710 male 2009
325 Chinstrap Dream 1.38803077 0.78430007 -0.989581000 -1.186793445 male 2009
326 Chinstrap Dream 1.07665172 0.07536506 -0.207315036 -0.656838215 female 2009
327 Chinstrap Dream 0.76527266 -0.38037887 -0.136199948 -1.093271934 female 2009
328 Chinstrap Dream 1.36971435 0.93621471 0.006030227 -0.313926008 male 2009
329 Chinstrap Dream 0.32567871 0.07536506 -0.562890474 -0.750359726 female 2009
330 Chinstrap Dream 1.24149945 1.29068222 0.148260402 -0.189230660 male 2009
331 Chinstrap Dream -0.26044656 0.07536506 -0.989581000 -1.062098097 female 2009
332 Chinstrap Dream 1.51624567 0.83493828 -0.278430124 -0.937402749 male 2009
333 Chinstrap Dream 0.23409663 -0.27910244 -0.705120649 -1.186793445 female 2009
334 Chinstrap Dream 0.98506964 1.39195865 0.148260402 -0.189230660 male 2009
335 Chinstrap Dream 1.14991738 0.83493828 0.077145314 -0.500969030 male 2009
336 Chinstrap Dream 0.30736229 1.13876757 -0.491775386 -0.843881237 female 2009
337 Chinstrap Dream 1.46129643 1.18940579 0.361605665 -0.313926008 male 2009
338 Chinstrap Dream 0.52715927 -0.32974066 -0.847350824 -0.688012052 female 2009
339 Chinstrap Dream 0.32567871 -0.07654958 -0.420660299 -0.688012052 female 2009
340 Chinstrap Dream 2.17563660 1.34132043 0.432720752 -0.251578334 male 2009
341 Chinstrap Dream -0.07728242 0.48047078 0.077145314 -0.999750423 female 2009
342 Chinstrap Dream 1.04001889 0.53110900 -0.562890474 -0.532142867 male 2009
343 Chinstrap Dream 1.25981586 0.93621471 0.646066015 -0.126882986 male 2009
344 Chinstrap Dream 1.14991738 0.78430007 -0.207315036 -0.532142867 female 2009Rename output columns
species island bill_len bill_dep flipper_len body_mass sex year bill_len_sc bill_dep_sc
1 Adelie Torgersen 39.1 18.7 181 3750 male 2007 -0.88320467 0.78430007
2 Adelie Torgersen 39.5 17.4 186 3800 female 2007 -0.80993901 0.12600328
3 Adelie Torgersen 40.3 18.0 195 3250 female 2007 -0.66340769 0.42983257
4 Adelie Torgersen NA NA NA NA <NA> 2007 NA NA
5 Adelie Torgersen 36.7 19.3 193 3450 female 2007 -1.32279862 1.08812936
6 Adelie Torgersen 39.3 20.6 190 3650 male 2007 -0.84657184 1.74642615
7 Adelie Torgersen 38.9 17.8 181 3625 female 2007 -0.91983750 0.32855614
8 Adelie Torgersen 39.2 19.6 195 4675 male 2007 -0.86488825 1.24004400
9 Adelie Torgersen 34.1 18.1 193 3475 <NA> 2007 -1.79902541 0.48047078
10 Adelie Torgersen 42.0 20.2 190 4250 <NA> 2007 -0.35202864 1.54387329
11 Adelie Torgersen 37.8 17.1 186 3300 <NA> 2007 -1.12131806 -0.02591137
12 Adelie Torgersen 37.8 17.3 180 3700 <NA> 2007 -1.12131806 0.07536506
13 Adelie Torgersen 41.1 17.6 182 3200 female 2007 -0.51687637 0.22727971
14 Adelie Torgersen 38.6 21.2 191 3800 male 2007 -0.97478674 2.05025544
15 Adelie Torgersen 34.6 21.1 198 4400 male 2007 -1.70744334 1.99961722
16 Adelie Torgersen 36.6 17.8 185 3700 female 2007 -1.34111504 0.32855614
17 Adelie Torgersen 38.7 19.0 195 3450 female 2007 -0.95647033 0.93621471
18 Adelie Torgersen 42.5 20.7 197 4500 male 2007 -0.26044656 1.79706436
19 Adelie Torgersen 34.4 18.4 184 3325 female 2007 -1.74407616 0.63238542
20 Adelie Torgersen 46.0 21.5 194 4200 male 2007 0.38062795 2.20217008
21 Adelie Biscoe 37.8 18.3 174 3400 female 2007 -1.12131806 0.58174721
22 Adelie Biscoe 37.7 18.7 180 3600 male 2007 -1.13963448 0.78430007
23 Adelie Biscoe 35.9 19.2 189 3800 female 2007 -1.46932994 1.03749114
24 Adelie Biscoe 38.2 18.1 185 3950 male 2007 -1.04805240 0.48047078
25 Adelie Biscoe 38.8 17.2 180 3800 male 2007 -0.93815391 0.02472685
26 Adelie Biscoe 35.3 18.9 187 3800 female 2007 -1.57922843 0.88557650
27 Adelie Biscoe 40.6 18.6 183 3550 male 2007 -0.60845845 0.73366185
28 Adelie Biscoe 40.5 17.9 187 3200 female 2007 -0.62677486 0.37919435
29 Adelie Biscoe 37.9 18.6 172 3150 female 2007 -1.10300165 0.73366185
30 Adelie Biscoe 40.5 18.9 180 3950 male 2007 -0.62677486 0.88557650
31 Adelie Dream 39.5 16.7 178 3250 female 2007 -0.80993901 -0.22846423
32 Adelie Dream 37.2 18.1 178 3900 male 2007 -1.23121655 0.48047078
33 Adelie Dream 39.5 17.8 188 3300 female 2007 -0.80993901 0.32855614
34 Adelie Dream 40.9 18.9 184 3900 male 2007 -0.55350920 0.88557650
35 Adelie Dream 36.4 17.0 195 3325 female 2007 -1.37774787 -0.07654958
36 Adelie Dream 39.2 21.1 196 4150 male 2007 -0.86488825 1.99961722
37 Adelie Dream 38.8 20.0 190 3950 male 2007 -0.93815391 1.44259686
38 Adelie Dream 42.2 18.5 180 3550 female 2007 -0.31539581 0.68302364
39 Adelie Dream 37.6 19.3 181 3300 female 2007 -1.15795089 1.08812936
40 Adelie Dream 39.8 19.1 184 4650 male 2007 -0.75498976 0.98685293
41 Adelie Dream 36.5 18.0 182 3150 female 2007 -1.35943145 0.42983257
42 Adelie Dream 40.8 18.4 195 3900 male 2007 -0.57182562 0.63238542
43 Adelie Dream 36.0 18.5 186 3100 female 2007 -1.45101353 0.68302364
44 Adelie Dream 44.1 19.7 196 4400 male 2007 0.03261607 1.29068222
45 Adelie Dream 37.0 16.9 185 3000 female 2007 -1.26784938 -0.12718780
46 Adelie Dream 39.6 18.8 190 4600 male 2007 -0.79162259 0.83493828
47 Adelie Dream 41.1 19.0 182 3425 male 2007 -0.51687637 0.93621471
48 Adelie Dream 37.5 18.9 179 2975 <NA> 2007 -1.17626731 0.88557650
49 Adelie Dream 36.0 17.9 190 3450 female 2007 -1.45101353 0.37919435
50 Adelie Dream 42.3 21.2 191 4150 male 2007 -0.29707939 2.05025544
51 Adelie Biscoe 39.6 17.7 186 3500 female 2008 -0.79162259 0.27791792
52 Adelie Biscoe 40.1 18.9 188 4300 male 2008 -0.70004052 0.88557650
53 Adelie Biscoe 35.0 17.9 190 3450 female 2008 -1.63417768 0.37919435
54 Adelie Biscoe 42.0 19.5 200 4050 male 2008 -0.35202864 1.18940579
55 Adelie Biscoe 34.5 18.1 187 2900 female 2008 -1.72575975 0.48047078
56 Adelie Biscoe 41.4 18.6 191 3700 male 2008 -0.46192713 0.73366185
57 Adelie Biscoe 39.0 17.5 186 3550 female 2008 -0.90152108 0.17664149
58 Adelie Biscoe 40.6 18.8 193 3800 male 2008 -0.60845845 0.83493828
59 Adelie Biscoe 36.5 16.6 181 2850 female 2008 -1.35943145 -0.27910244
60 Adelie Biscoe 37.6 19.1 194 3750 male 2008 -1.15795089 0.98685293
61 Adelie Biscoe 35.7 16.9 185 3150 female 2008 -1.50596277 -0.12718780
62 Adelie Biscoe 41.3 21.1 195 4400 male 2008 -0.48024354 1.99961722
63 Adelie Biscoe 37.6 17.0 185 3600 female 2008 -1.15795089 -0.07654958
64 Adelie Biscoe 41.1 18.2 192 4050 male 2008 -0.51687637 0.53110900
65 Adelie Biscoe 36.4 17.1 184 2850 female 2008 -1.37774787 -0.02591137
66 Adelie Biscoe 41.6 18.0 192 3950 male 2008 -0.42529430 0.42983257
67 Adelie Biscoe 35.5 16.2 195 3350 female 2008 -1.54259560 -0.48165530
68 Adelie Biscoe 41.1 19.1 188 4100 male 2008 -0.51687637 0.98685293
69 Adelie Torgersen 35.9 16.6 190 3050 female 2008 -1.46932994 -0.27910244
70 Adelie Torgersen 41.8 19.4 198 4450 male 2008 -0.38866147 1.13876757
71 Adelie Torgersen 33.5 19.0 190 3600 female 2008 -1.90892390 0.93621471
72 Adelie Torgersen 39.7 18.4 190 3900 male 2008 -0.77330618 0.63238542
73 Adelie Torgersen 39.6 17.2 196 3550 female 2008 -0.79162259 0.02472685
74 Adelie Torgersen 45.8 18.9 197 4150 male 2008 0.34399512 0.88557650
75 Adelie Torgersen 35.5 17.5 190 3700 female 2008 -1.54259560 0.17664149
76 Adelie Torgersen 42.8 18.5 195 4250 male 2008 -0.20549732 0.68302364
77 Adelie Torgersen 40.9 16.8 191 3700 female 2008 -0.55350920 -0.17782601
78 Adelie Torgersen 37.2 19.4 184 3900 male 2008 -1.23121655 1.13876757
79 Adelie Torgersen 36.2 16.1 187 3550 female 2008 -1.41438070 -0.53229351
80 Adelie Torgersen 42.1 19.1 195 4000 male 2008 -0.33371222 0.98685293
81 Adelie Torgersen 34.6 17.2 189 3200 female 2008 -1.70744334 0.02472685
82 Adelie Torgersen 42.9 17.6 196 4700 male 2008 -0.18718091 0.22727971
83 Adelie Torgersen 36.7 18.8 187 3800 female 2008 -1.32279862 0.83493828
84 Adelie Torgersen 35.1 19.4 193 4200 male 2008 -1.61586126 1.13876757
85 Adelie Dream 37.3 17.8 191 3350 female 2008 -1.21290014 0.32855614
86 Adelie Dream 41.3 20.3 194 3550 male 2008 -0.48024354 1.59451151
87 Adelie Dream 36.3 19.5 190 3800 male 2008 -1.39606428 1.18940579
88 Adelie Dream 36.9 18.6 189 3500 female 2008 -1.28616579 0.73366185
89 Adelie Dream 38.3 19.2 189 3950 male 2008 -1.02973599 1.03749114
90 Adelie Dream 38.9 18.8 190 3600 female 2008 -0.91983750 0.83493828
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98 Adelie Dream 40.3 18.5 196 4350 male 2008 -0.66340769 0.68302364
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128 Adelie Torgersen 41.5 18.3 195 4300 male 2009 -0.44361071 0.58174721
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132 Adelie Torgersen 43.1 19.2 197 3500 male 2009 -0.15054808 1.03749114
133 Adelie Dream 36.8 18.5 193 3500 female 2009 -1.30448221 0.68302364
134 Adelie Dream 37.5 18.5 199 4475 male 2009 -1.17626731 0.68302364
135 Adelie Dream 38.1 17.6 187 3425 female 2009 -1.06636882 0.22727971
136 Adelie Dream 41.1 17.5 190 3900 male 2009 -0.51687637 0.17664149
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140 Adelie Dream 39.7 17.9 193 4250 male 2009 -0.77330618 0.37919435
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142 Adelie Dream 40.6 17.2 187 3475 male 2009 -0.60845845 0.02472685
143 Adelie Dream 32.1 15.5 188 3050 female 2009 -2.16535371 -0.83612280
144 Adelie Dream 40.7 17.0 190 3725 male 2009 -0.59014203 -0.07654958
145 Adelie Dream 37.3 16.8 192 3000 female 2009 -1.21290014 -0.17782601
146 Adelie Dream 39.0 18.7 185 3650 male 2009 -0.90152108 0.78430007
147 Adelie Dream 39.2 18.6 190 4250 male 2009 -0.86488825 0.73366185
148 Adelie Dream 36.6 18.4 184 3475 female 2009 -1.34111504 0.63238542
149 Adelie Dream 36.0 17.8 195 3450 female 2009 -1.45101353 0.32855614
150 Adelie Dream 37.8 18.1 193 3750 male 2009 -1.12131806 0.48047078
151 Adelie Dream 36.0 17.1 187 3700 female 2009 -1.45101353 -0.02591137
152 Adelie Dream 41.5 18.5 201 4000 male 2009 -0.44361071 0.68302364
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214 Gentoo Biscoe 46.2 14.9 221 5300 male 2008 0.41726078 -1.13995209
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217 Gentoo Biscoe 45.8 14.2 219 4700 female 2008 0.34399512 -1.49441960
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250 Gentoo Biscoe 46.9 14.6 222 4875 female 2009 0.54547569 -1.29186674
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260 Gentoo Biscoe 53.4 15.8 219 5500 male 2009 1.73604265 -0.68420816
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262 Gentoo Biscoe 48.1 15.1 209 5500 male 2009 0.76527266 -1.03867566
263 Gentoo Biscoe 50.5 15.2 216 5000 female 2009 1.20486662 -0.98803745
264 Gentoo Biscoe 49.8 15.9 229 5950 male 2009 1.07665172 -0.63356994
265 Gentoo Biscoe 43.5 15.2 213 4650 female 2009 -0.07728242 -0.98803745
266 Gentoo Biscoe 51.5 16.3 230 5500 male 2009 1.38803077 -0.43101709
267 Gentoo Biscoe 46.2 14.1 217 4375 female 2009 0.41726078 -1.54505781
268 Gentoo Biscoe 55.1 16.0 230 5850 male 2009 2.04742170 -0.58293173
269 Gentoo Biscoe 44.5 15.7 217 4875 <NA> 2009 0.10588173 -0.73484637
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271 Gentoo Biscoe 47.2 13.7 214 4925 female 2009 0.60042493 -1.74761067
272 Gentoo Biscoe NA NA NA NA <NA> 2009 NA NA
273 Gentoo Biscoe 46.8 14.3 215 4850 female 2009 0.52715927 -1.44378138
274 Gentoo Biscoe 50.4 15.7 222 5750 male 2009 1.18655021 -0.73484637
275 Gentoo Biscoe 45.2 14.8 212 5200 female 2009 0.23409663 -1.19059031
276 Gentoo Biscoe 49.9 16.1 213 5400 male 2009 1.09496813 -0.53229351
277 Chinstrap Dream 46.5 17.9 192 3500 female 2007 0.47221003 0.37919435
278 Chinstrap Dream 50.0 19.5 196 3900 male 2007 1.11328455 1.18940579
279 Chinstrap Dream 51.3 19.2 193 3650 male 2007 1.35139794 1.03749114
280 Chinstrap Dream 45.4 18.7 188 3525 female 2007 0.27072946 0.78430007
281 Chinstrap Dream 52.7 19.8 197 3725 male 2007 1.60782775 1.34132043
282 Chinstrap Dream 45.2 17.8 198 3950 female 2007 0.23409663 0.32855614
283 Chinstrap Dream 46.1 18.2 178 3250 female 2007 0.39894437 0.53110900
284 Chinstrap Dream 51.3 18.2 197 3750 male 2007 1.35139794 0.53110900
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313 Chinstrap Dream 47.6 18.3 195 3850 female 2008 0.67369059 0.58174721
314 Chinstrap Dream 52.0 20.7 210 4800 male 2008 1.47961284 1.79706436
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316 Chinstrap Dream 53.5 19.9 205 4500 male 2008 1.75435906 1.39195865
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318 Chinstrap Dream 46.2 17.5 187 3650 female 2008 0.41726078 0.17664149
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321 Chinstrap Dream 50.9 17.9 196 3675 female 2009 1.27813228 0.37919435
322 Chinstrap Dream 50.8 18.5 201 4450 male 2009 1.25981586 0.68302364
323 Chinstrap Dream 50.1 17.9 190 3400 female 2009 1.13160096 0.37919435
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327 Chinstrap Dream 48.1 16.4 199 3325 female 2009 0.76527266 -0.38037887
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flipper_len_sc body_mass_sc
1 -1.416271525 -0.563316704
2 -1.060696087 -0.500969030
3 -0.420660299 -1.186793445
4 NA NA
5 -0.562890474 -0.937402749
6 -0.776235737 -0.688012052
7 -1.416271525 -0.719185889
8 -0.420660299 0.590115266
9 -0.562890474 -0.906228912
10 -0.776235737 0.060160036
11 -1.060696087 -1.124445771
12 -1.487386613 -0.625664378
13 -1.345156438 -1.249141119
14 -0.705120649 -0.500969030
15 -0.207315036 0.247203059
16 -1.131811175 -0.625664378
17 -0.420660299 -0.937402749
18 -0.278430124 0.371898407
19 -1.202926262 -1.093271934
20 -0.491775386 -0.002187638
21 -1.914077138 -0.999750423
22 -1.487386613 -0.750359726
23 -0.847350824 -0.500969030
24 -1.131811175 -0.313926008
25 -1.487386613 -0.500969030
26 -0.989581000 -0.500969030
27 -1.274041350 -0.812707400
28 -0.989581000 -1.249141119
29 -2.056307313 -1.311488793
30 -1.487386613 -0.313926008
31 -1.629616788 -1.186793445
32 -1.629616788 -0.376273682
33 -0.918465912 -1.124445771
34 -1.202926262 -0.376273682
35 -0.420660299 -1.093271934
36 -0.349545211 -0.064535312
37 -0.776235737 -0.313926008
38 -1.487386613 -0.812707400
39 -1.416271525 -1.124445771
40 -1.202926262 0.558941429
41 -1.345156438 -1.311488793
42 -0.420660299 -0.376273682
43 -1.060696087 -1.373836467
44 -0.349545211 0.247203059
45 -1.131811175 -1.498531815
46 -0.776235737 0.496593755
47 -1.345156438 -0.968576586
48 -1.558501700 -1.529705652
49 -0.776235737 -0.937402749
50 -0.705120649 -0.064535312
51 -1.060696087 -0.875055074
52 -0.918465912 0.122507710
53 -0.776235737 -0.937402749
54 -0.065084861 -0.189230660
55 -0.989581000 -1.623227163
56 -0.705120649 -0.625664378
57 -1.060696087 -0.812707400
58 -0.562890474 -0.500969030
59 -1.416271525 -1.685574837
60 -0.491775386 -0.563316704
61 -1.131811175 -1.311488793
62 -0.420660299 0.247203059
63 -1.131811175 -0.750359726
64 -0.634005562 -0.189230660
65 -1.202926262 -1.685574837
66 -0.634005562 -0.313926008
67 -0.420660299 -1.062098097
68 -0.918465912 -0.126882986
69 -0.776235737 -1.436184141
70 -0.207315036 0.309550733
71 -0.776235737 -0.750359726
72 -0.776235737 -0.376273682
73 -0.349545211 -0.812707400
74 -0.278430124 -0.064535312
75 -0.776235737 -0.625664378
76 -0.420660299 0.060160036
77 -0.705120649 -0.625664378
78 -1.202926262 -0.376273682
79 -0.989581000 -0.812707400
80 -0.420660299 -0.251578334
81 -0.847350824 -1.249141119
82 -0.349545211 0.621289103
83 -0.989581000 -0.500969030
84 -0.562890474 -0.002187638
85 -0.705120649 -1.062098097
86 -0.491775386 -0.812707400
87 -0.776235737 -0.500969030
88 -0.847350824 -0.875055074
89 -0.847350824 -0.313926008
90 -0.776235737 -0.750359726
91 0.077145314 -0.812707400
92 0.290490577 0.122507710
93 -1.131811175 -0.999750423
94 -1.060696087 0.309550733
95 -0.989581000 -1.124445771
96 0.503835840 0.122507710
97 -0.776235737 -0.625664378
98 -0.349545211 0.184855384
99 -1.629616788 -1.623227163
100 -0.634005562 -0.126882986
101 -0.634005562 -0.594490541
102 0.148260402 0.652462940
103 -1.274041350 -1.405010304
104 -0.776235737 0.060160036
105 -0.562890474 -1.592053326
106 -1.202926262 -0.812707400
107 -0.136199948 -0.563316704
108 -0.776235737 -0.376273682
109 -1.416271525 -1.280314956
110 -0.278430124 0.714810614
111 -0.207315036 -0.469795193
112 -0.705120649 0.496593755
113 -0.562890474 -1.249141119
114 -0.278430124 0.091333873
115 -0.705120649 -0.376273682
116 -0.349545211 -0.158056823
117 -0.918465912 -1.623227163
118 -0.136199948 -0.532142867
119 -0.847350824 -1.062098097
120 -0.847350824 -1.093271934
121 -0.989581000 -1.311488793
122 -0.207315036 -0.875055074
123 -1.771846963 -0.937402749
124 0.077145314 -0.407447519
125 -1.060696087 -1.436184141
126 -0.136199948 -0.251578334
127 -0.705120649 -1.155619608
128 -0.420660299 0.122507710
129 -0.705120649 -1.436184141
130 0.646066015 -0.251578334
131 -0.776235737 -1.093271934
132 -0.278430124 -0.875055074
133 -0.562890474 -0.875055074
134 -0.136199948 0.340724570
135 -0.989581000 -0.968576586
136 -0.776235737 -0.376273682
137 -0.705120649 -1.280314956
138 -0.065084861 -0.282752171
139 -1.131811175 -0.999750423
140 -0.562890474 0.060160036
141 -0.562890474 -0.999750423
142 -0.989581000 -0.906228912
143 -0.918465912 -1.436184141
144 -0.776235737 -0.594490541
145 -0.634005562 -1.498531815
146 -1.131811175 -0.688012052
147 -0.776235737 0.060160036
148 -1.202926262 -0.906228912
149 -0.420660299 -0.937402749
150 -0.562890474 -0.563316704
151 -0.989581000 -0.625664378
152 0.006030227 -0.251578334
153 0.717181103 0.371898407
154 2.068367767 1.868242584
155 0.646066015 0.309550733
156 1.214986716 1.868242584
157 1.001641453 1.494156540
158 0.646066015 0.434246081
159 0.717181103 0.745984451
160 1.286101803 1.244765843
161 0.574950927 0.247203059
162 1.001641453 1.182418169
163 0.930526365 0.558941429
164 1.072756541 1.681199562
165 0.930526365 0.558941429
166 0.859411278 2.055285606
167 0.646066015 -0.002187638
168 1.143871628 2.055285606
169 0.646066015 -0.064535312
170 1.428331979 2.616414673
171 0.574950927 0.745984451
172 1.499447066 1.431808866
173 1.214986716 1.868242584
174 1.001641453 0.995375147
175 0.859411278 0.247203059
176 1.001641453 1.057722821
177 1.001641453 0.995375147
178 1.001641453 1.120070495
179 1.072756541 -0.126882986
180 1.001641453 1.805894910
181 0.646066015 0.496593755
182 1.357216891 1.681199562
183 1.499447066 1.307113518
184 0.574950927 0.621289103
185 0.432720752 1.057722821
186 2.068367767 2.304676302
187 1.357216891 1.182418169
188 1.357216891 1.494156540
189 0.859411278 0.933027473
190 1.286101803 1.307113518
191 0.503835840 0.184855384
192 0.503835840 1.431808866
193 0.503835840 -0.313926008
194 1.712792329 1.868242584
195 0.646066015 0.122507710
196 1.072756541 0.683636777
197 1.499447066 1.681199562
198 1.143871628 0.870679799
199 0.646066015 -0.002187638
200 1.712792329 1.494156540
201 0.859411278 1.120070495
202 1.001641453 1.369461192
203 0.646066015 0.808332125
204 1.357216891 1.369461192
205 0.646066015 0.247203059
206 1.712792329 0.995375147
207 1.143871628 0.870679799
208 1.357216891 1.057722821
209 0.503835840 0.122507710
210 1.357216891 0.995375147
211 0.503835840 0.309550733
212 1.641677241 1.681199562
213 0.503835840 -0.002187638
214 1.428331979 1.369461192
215 0.930526365 0.247203059
216 2.139482854 1.805894910
217 1.286101803 0.621289103
218 2.068367767 1.868242584
219 0.930526365 0.558941429
220 1.997252679 1.992937932
221 1.357216891 0.621289103
222 1.570562154 1.681199562
223 1.072756541 0.683636777
224 1.428331979 0.995375147
225 1.428331979 1.120070495
226 1.143871628 1.244765843
227 1.072756541 0.621289103
228 2.068367767 1.992937932
229 0.574950927 0.496593755
230 1.357216891 2.242328628
231 1.001641453 0.683636777
232 1.570562154 2.179980954
233 0.788296190 0.527767592
234 1.428331979 1.556504214
235 0.788296190 0.652462940
236 1.641677241 1.431808866
237 0.788296190 0.683636777
238 1.926137592 1.743547236
239 1.214986716 0.496593755
240 1.214986716 1.369461192
241 0.788296190 0.839505962
242 2.068367767 1.681199562
243 1.214986716 0.933027473
244 1.926137592 1.494156540
245 0.788296190 0.683636777
246 1.641677241 1.805894910
247 0.930526365 0.808332125
248 1.783907417 1.244765843
249 1.072756541 0.901853636
250 1.499447066 0.839505962
251 0.148260402 0.527767592
252 1.712792329 1.307113518
253 1.286101803 0.808332125
254 1.926137592 1.743547236
255 1.001641453 0.964201310
256 1.926137592 1.618851888
257 1.072756541 0.652462940
258 1.001641453 1.618851888
259 0.646066015 0.621289103
260 1.286101803 1.618851888
261 0.503835840 0.465419918
262 0.574950927 1.618851888
263 1.072756541 0.995375147
264 1.997252679 2.179980954
265 0.859411278 0.558941429
266 2.068367767 1.618851888
267 1.143871628 0.216029222
268 2.068367767 2.055285606
269 1.143871628 0.839505962
270 1.499447066 2.242328628
271 0.930526365 0.901853636
272 NA NA
273 1.001641453 0.808332125
274 1.499447066 1.930590258
275 0.788296190 1.244765843
276 0.859411278 1.494156540
277 -0.634005562 -0.875055074
278 -0.349545211 -0.376273682
279 -0.562890474 -0.688012052
280 -0.918465912 -0.843881237
281 -0.278430124 -0.594490541
282 -0.207315036 -0.313926008
283 -1.629616788 -1.186793445
284 -0.278430124 -0.563316704
285 -0.420660299 -0.064535312
286 -0.207315036 -0.625664378
287 -0.562890474 -0.500969030
288 -0.491775386 -0.532142867
289 -1.131811175 -0.625664378
290 0.006030227 -0.189230660
291 -0.776235737 -0.781533563
292 0.006030227 -0.189230660
293 -0.278430124 -1.124445771
294 -1.416271525 -0.625664378
295 -0.776235737 -0.937402749
296 -0.420660299 0.247203059
297 -1.416271525 -0.750359726
298 -0.705120649 -0.999750423
299 -0.989581000 -1.623227163
300 -0.562890474 -0.500969030
301 -0.420660299 -1.124445771
302 -0.278430124 -0.064535312
303 -0.065084861 -0.999750423
304 -0.065084861 -0.500969030
305 -0.705120649 -0.625664378
306 0.290490577 0.434246081
307 -0.989581000 -1.249141119
308 0.006030227 0.122507710
309 -0.989581000 -1.062098097
310 0.148260402 -0.126882986
311 -0.420660299 -0.750359726
312 -0.136199948 -0.376273682
313 -0.420660299 -0.438621356
314 0.646066015 0.745984451
315 -0.634005562 -1.872617859
316 0.290490577 0.371898407
317 0.646066015 -0.313926008
318 -0.989581000 -0.688012052
319 -0.349545211 -0.812707400
320 -0.349545211 -0.875055074
321 -0.349545211 -0.656838215
322 0.006030227 0.309550733
323 -0.776235737 -0.999750423
324 0.788296190 0.122507710
325 -0.989581000 -1.186793445
326 -0.207315036 -0.656838215
327 -0.136199948 -1.093271934
328 0.006030227 -0.313926008
329 -0.562890474 -0.750359726
330 0.148260402 -0.189230660
331 -0.989581000 -1.062098097
332 -0.278430124 -0.937402749
333 -0.705120649 -1.186793445
334 0.148260402 -0.189230660
335 0.077145314 -0.500969030
336 -0.491775386 -0.843881237
337 0.361605665 -0.313926008
338 -0.847350824 -0.688012052
339 -0.420660299 -0.688012052
340 0.432720752 -0.251578334
341 0.077145314 -0.999750423
342 -0.562890474 -0.532142867
343 0.646066015 -0.126882986
344 -0.207315036 -0.532142867across() not always needed
bill_len bill_dep flipper_len body_mass year
1 39.1 18.7 181 3750 2007
2 39.5 17.4 186 3800 2007
3 40.3 18.0 195 3250 2007
4 NA NA NA NA 2007
5 36.7 19.3 193 3450 2007
6 39.3 20.6 190 3650 2007
7 38.9 17.8 181 3625 2007
8 39.2 19.6 195 4675 2007
9 34.1 18.1 193 3475 2007
10 42.0 20.2 190 4250 2007
11 37.8 17.1 186 3300 2007
12 37.8 17.3 180 3700 2007
13 41.1 17.6 182 3200 2007
14 38.6 21.2 191 3800 2007
15 34.6 21.1 198 4400 2007
16 36.6 17.8 185 3700 2007
17 38.7 19.0 195 3450 2007
18 42.5 20.7 197 4500 2007
19 34.4 18.4 184 3325 2007
20 46.0 21.5 194 4200 2007
21 37.8 18.3 174 3400 2007
22 37.7 18.7 180 3600 2007
23 35.9 19.2 189 3800 2007
24 38.2 18.1 185 3950 2007
25 38.8 17.2 180 3800 2007
26 35.3 18.9 187 3800 2007
27 40.6 18.6 183 3550 2007
28 40.5 17.9 187 3200 2007
29 37.9 18.6 172 3150 2007
30 40.5 18.9 180 3950 2007
31 39.5 16.7 178 3250 2007
32 37.2 18.1 178 3900 2007
33 39.5 17.8 188 3300 2007
34 40.9 18.9 184 3900 2007
35 36.4 17.0 195 3325 2007
36 39.2 21.1 196 4150 2007
37 38.8 20.0 190 3950 2007
38 42.2 18.5 180 3550 2007
39 37.6 19.3 181 3300 2007
40 39.8 19.1 184 4650 2007
41 36.5 18.0 182 3150 2007
42 40.8 18.4 195 3900 2007
43 36.0 18.5 186 3100 2007
44 44.1 19.7 196 4400 2007
45 37.0 16.9 185 3000 2007
46 39.6 18.8 190 4600 2007
47 41.1 19.0 182 3425 2007
48 37.5 18.9 179 2975 2007
49 36.0 17.9 190 3450 2007
50 42.3 21.2 191 4150 2007
51 39.6 17.7 186 3500 2008
52 40.1 18.9 188 4300 2008
53 35.0 17.9 190 3450 2008
54 42.0 19.5 200 4050 2008
55 34.5 18.1 187 2900 2008
56 41.4 18.6 191 3700 2008
57 39.0 17.5 186 3550 2008
58 40.6 18.8 193 3800 2008
59 36.5 16.6 181 2850 2008
60 37.6 19.1 194 3750 2008
61 35.7 16.9 185 3150 2008
62 41.3 21.1 195 4400 2008
63 37.6 17.0 185 3600 2008
64 41.1 18.2 192 4050 2008
65 36.4 17.1 184 2850 2008
66 41.6 18.0 192 3950 2008
67 35.5 16.2 195 3350 2008
68 41.1 19.1 188 4100 2008
69 35.9 16.6 190 3050 2008
70 41.8 19.4 198 4450 2008
71 33.5 19.0 190 3600 2008
72 39.7 18.4 190 3900 2008
73 39.6 17.2 196 3550 2008
74 45.8 18.9 197 4150 2008
75 35.5 17.5 190 3700 2008
76 42.8 18.5 195 4250 2008
77 40.9 16.8 191 3700 2008
78 37.2 19.4 184 3900 2008
79 36.2 16.1 187 3550 2008
80 42.1 19.1 195 4000 2008
81 34.6 17.2 189 3200 2008
82 42.9 17.6 196 4700 2008
83 36.7 18.8 187 3800 2008
84 35.1 19.4 193 4200 2008
85 37.3 17.8 191 3350 2008
86 41.3 20.3 194 3550 2008
87 36.3 19.5 190 3800 2008
88 36.9 18.6 189 3500 2008
89 38.3 19.2 189 3950 2008
90 38.9 18.8 190 3600 2008
91 35.7 18.0 202 3550 2008
92 41.1 18.1 205 4300 2008
93 34.0 17.1 185 3400 2008
94 39.6 18.1 186 4450 2008
95 36.2 17.3 187 3300 2008
96 40.8 18.9 208 4300 2008
97 38.1 18.6 190 3700 2008
98 40.3 18.5 196 4350 2008
99 33.1 16.1 178 2900 2008
100 43.2 18.5 192 4100 2008
101 35.0 17.9 192 3725 2009
102 41.0 20.0 203 4725 2009
103 37.7 16.0 183 3075 2009
104 37.8 20.0 190 4250 2009
105 37.9 18.6 193 2925 2009
106 39.7 18.9 184 3550 2009
107 38.6 17.2 199 3750 2009
108 38.2 20.0 190 3900 2009
109 38.1 17.0 181 3175 2009
110 43.2 19.0 197 4775 2009
111 38.1 16.5 198 3825 2009
112 45.6 20.3 191 4600 2009
113 39.7 17.7 193 3200 2009
114 42.2 19.5 197 4275 2009
115 39.6 20.7 191 3900 2009
116 42.7 18.3 196 4075 2009
117 38.6 17.0 188 2900 2009
118 37.3 20.5 199 3775 2009
119 35.7 17.0 189 3350 2009
120 41.1 18.6 189 3325 2009
121 36.2 17.2 187 3150 2009
122 37.7 19.8 198 3500 2009
123 40.2 17.0 176 3450 2009
124 41.4 18.5 202 3875 2009
125 35.2 15.9 186 3050 2009
126 40.6 19.0 199 4000 2009
127 38.8 17.6 191 3275 2009
128 41.5 18.3 195 4300 2009
129 39.0 17.1 191 3050 2009
130 44.1 18.0 210 4000 2009
131 38.5 17.9 190 3325 2009
132 43.1 19.2 197 3500 2009
133 36.8 18.5 193 3500 2009
134 37.5 18.5 199 4475 2009
135 38.1 17.6 187 3425 2009
136 41.1 17.5 190 3900 2009
137 35.6 17.5 191 3175 2009
138 40.2 20.1 200 3975 2009
139 37.0 16.5 185 3400 2009
140 39.7 17.9 193 4250 2009
141 40.2 17.1 193 3400 2009
142 40.6 17.2 187 3475 2009
143 32.1 15.5 188 3050 2009
144 40.7 17.0 190 3725 2009
145 37.3 16.8 192 3000 2009
146 39.0 18.7 185 3650 2009
147 39.2 18.6 190 4250 2009
148 36.6 18.4 184 3475 2009
149 36.0 17.8 195 3450 2009
150 37.8 18.1 193 3750 2009
151 36.0 17.1 187 3700 2009
152 41.5 18.5 201 4000 2009
153 46.1 13.2 211 4500 2007
154 50.0 16.3 230 5700 2007
155 48.7 14.1 210 4450 2007
156 50.0 15.2 218 5700 2007
157 47.6 14.5 215 5400 2007
158 46.5 13.5 210 4550 2007
159 45.4 14.6 211 4800 2007
160 46.7 15.3 219 5200 2007
161 43.3 13.4 209 4400 2007
162 46.8 15.4 215 5150 2007
163 40.9 13.7 214 4650 2007
164 49.0 16.1 216 5550 2007
165 45.5 13.7 214 4650 2007
166 48.4 14.6 213 5850 2007
167 45.8 14.6 210 4200 2007
168 49.3 15.7 217 5850 2007
169 42.0 13.5 210 4150 2007
170 49.2 15.2 221 6300 2007
171 46.2 14.5 209 4800 2007
172 48.7 15.1 222 5350 2007
173 50.2 14.3 218 5700 2007
174 45.1 14.5 215 5000 2007
175 46.5 14.5 213 4400 2007
176 46.3 15.8 215 5050 2007
177 42.9 13.1 215 5000 2007
178 46.1 15.1 215 5100 2007
179 44.5 14.3 216 4100 2007
180 47.8 15.0 215 5650 2007
181 48.2 14.3 210 4600 2007
182 50.0 15.3 220 5550 2007
183 47.3 15.3 222 5250 2007
184 42.8 14.2 209 4700 2007
185 45.1 14.5 207 5050 2007
186 59.6 17.0 230 6050 2007
187 49.1 14.8 220 5150 2008
188 48.4 16.3 220 5400 2008
189 42.6 13.7 213 4950 2008
190 44.4 17.3 219 5250 2008
191 44.0 13.6 208 4350 2008
192 48.7 15.7 208 5350 2008
193 42.7 13.7 208 3950 2008
194 49.6 16.0 225 5700 2008
195 45.3 13.7 210 4300 2008
196 49.6 15.0 216 4750 2008
197 50.5 15.9 222 5550 2008
198 43.6 13.9 217 4900 2008
199 45.5 13.9 210 4200 2008
200 50.5 15.9 225 5400 2008
201 44.9 13.3 213 5100 2008
202 45.2 15.8 215 5300 2008
203 46.6 14.2 210 4850 2008
204 48.5 14.1 220 5300 2008
205 45.1 14.4 210 4400 2008
206 50.1 15.0 225 5000 2008
207 46.5 14.4 217 4900 2008
208 45.0 15.4 220 5050 2008
209 43.8 13.9 208 4300 2008
210 45.5 15.0 220 5000 2008
211 43.2 14.5 208 4450 2008
212 50.4 15.3 224 5550 2008
213 45.3 13.8 208 4200 2008
214 46.2 14.9 221 5300 2008
215 45.7 13.9 214 4400 2008
216 54.3 15.7 231 5650 2008
217 45.8 14.2 219 4700 2008
218 49.8 16.8 230 5700 2008
219 46.2 14.4 214 4650 2008
220 49.5 16.2 229 5800 2008
221 43.5 14.2 220 4700 2008
222 50.7 15.0 223 5550 2008
223 47.7 15.0 216 4750 2008
224 46.4 15.6 221 5000 2008
225 48.2 15.6 221 5100 2008
226 46.5 14.8 217 5200 2008
227 46.4 15.0 216 4700 2008
228 48.6 16.0 230 5800 2008
229 47.5 14.2 209 4600 2008
230 51.1 16.3 220 6000 2008
231 45.2 13.8 215 4750 2008
232 45.2 16.4 223 5950 2008
233 49.1 14.5 212 4625 2009
234 52.5 15.6 221 5450 2009
235 47.4 14.6 212 4725 2009
236 50.0 15.9 224 5350 2009
237 44.9 13.8 212 4750 2009
238 50.8 17.3 228 5600 2009
239 43.4 14.4 218 4600 2009
240 51.3 14.2 218 5300 2009
241 47.5 14.0 212 4875 2009
242 52.1 17.0 230 5550 2009
243 47.5 15.0 218 4950 2009
244 52.2 17.1 228 5400 2009
245 45.5 14.5 212 4750 2009
246 49.5 16.1 224 5650 2009
247 44.5 14.7 214 4850 2009
248 50.8 15.7 226 5200 2009
249 49.4 15.8 216 4925 2009
250 46.9 14.6 222 4875 2009
251 48.4 14.4 203 4625 2009
252 51.1 16.5 225 5250 2009
253 48.5 15.0 219 4850 2009
254 55.9 17.0 228 5600 2009
255 47.2 15.5 215 4975 2009
256 49.1 15.0 228 5500 2009
257 47.3 13.8 216 4725 2009
258 46.8 16.1 215 5500 2009
259 41.7 14.7 210 4700 2009
260 53.4 15.8 219 5500 2009
261 43.3 14.0 208 4575 2009
262 48.1 15.1 209 5500 2009
263 50.5 15.2 216 5000 2009
264 49.8 15.9 229 5950 2009
265 43.5 15.2 213 4650 2009
266 51.5 16.3 230 5500 2009
267 46.2 14.1 217 4375 2009
268 55.1 16.0 230 5850 2009
269 44.5 15.7 217 4875 2009
270 48.8 16.2 222 6000 2009
271 47.2 13.7 214 4925 2009
272 NA NA NA NA 2009
273 46.8 14.3 215 4850 2009
274 50.4 15.7 222 5750 2009
275 45.2 14.8 212 5200 2009
276 49.9 16.1 213 5400 2009
277 46.5 17.9 192 3500 2007
278 50.0 19.5 196 3900 2007
279 51.3 19.2 193 3650 2007
280 45.4 18.7 188 3525 2007
281 52.7 19.8 197 3725 2007
282 45.2 17.8 198 3950 2007
283 46.1 18.2 178 3250 2007
284 51.3 18.2 197 3750 2007
285 46.0 18.9 195 4150 2007
286 51.3 19.9 198 3700 2007
287 46.6 17.8 193 3800 2007
288 51.7 20.3 194 3775 2007
289 47.0 17.3 185 3700 2007
290 52.0 18.1 201 4050 2007
291 45.9 17.1 190 3575 2007
292 50.5 19.6 201 4050 2007
293 50.3 20.0 197 3300 2007
294 58.0 17.8 181 3700 2007
295 46.4 18.6 190 3450 2007
296 49.2 18.2 195 4400 2007
297 42.4 17.3 181 3600 2007
298 48.5 17.5 191 3400 2007
299 43.2 16.6 187 2900 2007
300 50.6 19.4 193 3800 2007
301 46.7 17.9 195 3300 2007
302 52.0 19.0 197 4150 2007
303 50.5 18.4 200 3400 2008
304 49.5 19.0 200 3800 2008
305 46.4 17.8 191 3700 2008
306 52.8 20.0 205 4550 2008
307 40.9 16.6 187 3200 2008
308 54.2 20.8 201 4300 2008
309 42.5 16.7 187 3350 2008
310 51.0 18.8 203 4100 2008
311 49.7 18.6 195 3600 2008
312 47.5 16.8 199 3900 2008
313 47.6 18.3 195 3850 2008
314 52.0 20.7 210 4800 2008
315 46.9 16.6 192 2700 2008
316 53.5 19.9 205 4500 2008
317 49.0 19.5 210 3950 2008
318 46.2 17.5 187 3650 2008
319 50.9 19.1 196 3550 2008
320 45.5 17.0 196 3500 2008
321 50.9 17.9 196 3675 2009
322 50.8 18.5 201 4450 2009
323 50.1 17.9 190 3400 2009
324 49.0 19.6 212 4300 2009
325 51.5 18.7 187 3250 2009
326 49.8 17.3 198 3675 2009
327 48.1 16.4 199 3325 2009
328 51.4 19.0 201 3950 2009
329 45.7 17.3 193 3600 2009
330 50.7 19.7 203 4050 2009
331 42.5 17.3 187 3350 2009
332 52.2 18.8 197 3450 2009
333 45.2 16.6 191 3250 2009
334 49.3 19.9 203 4050 2009
335 50.2 18.8 202 3800 2009
336 45.6 19.4 194 3525 2009
337 51.9 19.5 206 3950 2009
338 46.8 16.5 189 3650 2009
339 45.7 17.0 195 3650 2009
340 55.8 19.8 207 4000 2009
341 43.5 18.1 202 3400 2009
342 49.6 18.2 193 3775 2009
343 50.8 19.0 210 4100 2009
344 50.2 18.7 198 3775 2009Application exercise
ae-10
Instructions
- Go to the course GitHub org and find your
ae-10(repo name will be suffixed with your GitHub name). - Clone the repo in Positron, run
renv::restore()to install the required packages, open the Quarto document in the repo, and follow along and complete the exercises. - Render, commit, and push your edits by the AE deadline – end of the day
ae-10 - Part 1
Instructions
Write a function that summarizes multiple specified columns of a data frame and calculates their arithmetic mean and standard deviation.
10:00
Atomic vectors
Types of vectors
Image credit: R for Data Science (1st ed)
Lists
Lists: str()
Store a mix of objects
Nested lists
Secret lists
tibble [125 × 14] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
$ case : chr [1:125] "Oxford High School shooting" "San Jose VTA shooting" "FedEx warehouse shooting" "Orange office complex shooting" ...
$ year : num [1:125] 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 ...
$ month : chr [1:125] "Nov" "May" "Apr" "Mar" ...
$ day : int [1:125] 30 26 15 31 22 16 16 26 10 6 ...
$ location : chr [1:125] "Oxford, Michigan" "San Jose, California" "Indianapolis, Indiana" "Orange, California" ...
$ summary : chr [1:125] "Ethan Crumbley, a 15-year-old student at Oxford High School, opened fire with a Sig Sauer 9mm pistol purchased "| __truncated__ "Samuel Cassidy, 57, a Valley Transportation Authorty employee, opened fire at a union meeting at the light rail"| __truncated__ "Brandon Scott Hole, 19, opened fire around 11 p.m. in the parking lot and inside the warehouse, and then shot h"| __truncated__ "Aminadab Gaxiola Gonzalez, 44, allegedly opened fire inside a small business at an office complex, killing at l"| __truncated__ ...
$ fatalities : num [1:125] 4 9 8 4 10 8 4 5 4 3 ...
$ injured : num [1:125] 7 0 7 1 0 1 0 0 3 8 ...
$ total_victims : num [1:125] 11 9 15 5 10 9 4 5 7 11 ...
$ location_type : chr [1:125] "School" "Workplace" "Workplace" "Workplace" ...
$ male : logi [1:125] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE ...
$ age_of_shooter : num [1:125] 15 57 19 NA 21 21 31 51 NA NA ...
$ race : chr [1:125] NA NA "White" NA ...
$ prior_mental_illness: chr [1:125] NA "Yes" "Yes" NA ...
Image credit: R for Data Science (1st ed)
Iteration with {purrr}
Map functions
Apply a function to each element of a list or vector, and return a *.
map()makes a listmap_lgl()makes a logical vectormap_int()makes an integer vectormap_dbl()makes a double vectormap_chr()makes a character vector
Map functions
Map functions
a b c d
0.07462564 0.20862196 -0.42455887 0.32204455 Application exercise
ae-10 - Part 2
Instructions
- Write a function that scrapes the content from a single listing page of articles published on The Cornell Review
- Apply the function to the most recent 10 pages of articles
- Create a single CSV file containing information on the 80 most recent published articles
Wrap up
Recap
- Iteration across columns can be performed using
across() - Make use of lambda/anonymous functions to perform one-off operations
map()functions are a family of functions that apply a function to each element of a vector or list
